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Ayurveda therapies have varied and evolved over more than two millennia. Ancient Ayurveda texts also taught surgical techniques, including rhinoplastykidney stone extractionssutures, and the extraction of foreign objects.
The main classical Ayurveda texts begin with accounts of the transmission of medical knowledge from the gods to sages, and then to human physicians. Some scholars assert that Ayurveda originated in prehistoric times, [18] [19] and that some of the concepts of Ayurveda have existed from the time of the Indus Valley Civilization or even earlier. In Ayurveda texts, Doṣa balance is emphasized, and suppressing plastic surgery discursive essay urges is considered unhealthy and claimed to lead to illness.
vātaplastic surgery discursive essay, pitta a nd kaphaand state that balance Skt. sāmyatva of the doṣas results in health, while imbalance viṣamatva results in disease.
Ayurveda treatises divide medicine into eight canonical components. Ayurveda practitioners had developed various medicinal preparations and surgical procedures from at least the beginning of the common era.
There is no good evidence that Ayurveda is effective for treating any disease. and Indian-manufactured patent Ayurvedic medicines sold through the Internet were found to contain toxic levels of heavy metalsspecifically leadmercuryand arsenic. The earliest classical Sanskrit works on Ayurveda describe medicine as being divided into eight components Skt, plastic surgery discursive essay.
cikitsāyām aṣṭāṅgāyāṃ चिकित्सायामष्टाङ्गायाम्is first found in the Sanskrit epic the Mahābhāratac. The word "ayurveda" is Sanskrit : आयुर्वेदplastic surgery discursive essay, Āyurvedameaning knowledge of life and longevity. The plastic surgery discursive essay theoretical ideas of Ayurveda developed in the mid-first millennium BCE, and show parallels with Sāṅkhya and Vaiśeṣika philosophies, as well as with Buddhism and Jainism.
According to ayurveda, the human body is composed of tissues dhatuswaste malasand biomaterials doshas. Like the medicine of classical antiquity, Ayurveda has historically divided bodily substances into five classical elementsSanskrit panchamahabhutaviz.
earthplastic surgery discursive essay, waterfireair and ether. The three elemental bodily humors, the doshas or tridoshaare vata space plastic surgery discursive essay air, equated with the nervous systemplastic surgery discursive essay, pitta fire, equated with enzymesand kapha earth and water, equated with mucus.
A parallel set of mental doshas termed satogunplastic surgery discursive essay, rajogunand tamogun control psychology. Each dosha has particular attributes and roles within the body and mind; the natural predominance of one or more doshas thus explains a person's physical constitution prakriti and personality.
One Ayurvedic view is that the doshas are balanced when they are equal to each other, while another view is that each human possesses a unique combination of plastic surgery discursive essay doshas which define this person's temperament and characteristics.
In either case, it says that each person should modulate their behavior or environment to increase or decrease the doshas and maintain their natural state. Practitioners of Ayurveda must determine an individual's bodily and mental dosha makeup, as certain prakriti are said to predispose one to particular diseases. Ama a Sanskrit word meaning "uncooked" or "undigested" is used to refer to the concept of anything that exists in a state of incomplete transformation.
With regards to oral hygieneit is claimed to be a toxic byproduct generated by improper or incomplete digestion. In medieval taxonomies of the Sanskrit knowledge systems, Ayurveda is assigned a place as a subsidiary Veda upaveda. Ayurvedic practitioners regard physical existence, mental existence, and personality as their own unique units, with each element being able to influence the others.
Another part of Ayurvedic treatment says that there are channels srotas which transport fluids, and that the channels can be opened up by massage treatment using oils and Swedana fomentation. Unhealthy, or blocked, channels are thought to cause disease. Ayurveda has eight ways plastic surgery discursive essay diagnose illness, called Nadi pulseMootra urineMala stoolJihva tongueShabda speechSparsha touchDruk visionand Aakruti appearance.
Two of the eight branches of classical Ayurveda deal with surgery Śalya-cikitsā and Śālākya-tantrabut contemporary Ayurveda tends to stress attaining vitality by building a healthy metabolic system and maintaining good digestion and excretion.
Ayurveda follows the concept of Dinacharyawhich says that natural cycles waking, sleeping, working, meditation etc. are important for health. Hygiene, including regular bathing, cleaning of teeth, oil pullingtongue scrapingskin care, and eye washing, is also a central practice. Plant-based treatments in Ayurveda may be derived from roots, leaves, fruits, bark, or seeds such as cardamom and cinnamon, plastic surgery discursive essay. In the 19th century, William Dymock and co-authors summarized hundreds of plant-derived medicines along with the uses, microscopic structure, chemical composition, toxicology, prevalent myths and stories, and relation to commerce in British India.
In addition, fats are prescribed both for consumption and for external use. Consumption of minerals, including sulphurarseniclead, copper sulfate and gold, are also prescribed. Ayurveda uses alcoholic beverages called Madya[58] which are said to adjust the doshas by increasing Pitta and reducing Vatta and Kapha.
The intended outcomes can include causing purgation, improving digestion or taste, creating dryness, or loosening joints. Ayurvedic texts describe Madya as non-viscid and fast-acting, and say that it enters and cleans minute pores in the body. Purified opium [59] is used in eight Ayurvedic preparations [60] and is said to balance the Vata and Kapha doshas and increase the Pitta dosha. The sedative and pain-relieving properties of opium are considered in Ayurveda.
The use of opium is found in the ancient Ayurvedic texts, and is first mentioned in the Sarngadhara Samhita CEa book on pharmacy used in Rajasthan in Western India, as an ingredient of an aphrodisiac to delay male ejaculation. In this drug, the respiratory depressant action of opium is counteracted by the respiratory stimulant property of Camphor.
Cannabis indica is also mentioned in the ancient Ayurveda books, and is first mentioned in the Sarngadhara Samhita as a treatment for diarrhea. Ayurveda says that both oil and tar can be used to stop bleeding, [39] and that traumatic bleeding can be stopped by four different methods: ligation of the blood vesselcauterisation by heat, plastic surgery discursive essay, use of preparations to facilitate clottingand use of preparations to constrict the blood vessels. Oils are also plastic surgery discursive essay in a number of ways, including regular consumption, anointing, smearing, head massage, application to affected areas, [63] [ failed verification ] and oil pulling.
Liquids may also be poured on the patient's forehead, a technique called shirodhara. According to Ayurveda, panchakarma are techniques to eliminate toxic elements from the body.
According to some sources, up to 80 percent of people in India use Ayurveda exclusively or combined with conventional Western plastic surgery discursive essay. In plastic surgery discursive essay, the Indian Medical Central Council Act which aimed to standardise plastic surgery discursive essay for Ayurveda practitioners and provide accredited plastic surgery discursive essay for its study and research was passed by the Parliament of India.
To fight biopiracy and unethical patents, in the government of India set up the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library as a repository for formulations of various systems of Indian medicine, such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha.
Such claims constitute percent of the country's health insurance claims, plastic surgery discursive essay. Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samitian organisation dedicated to fighting superstition in Indiaconsiders Ayurveda to be pseudoscience.
On 9 Novemberplastic surgery discursive essay, India formed the Ministry of AYUSH. National Ayurveda Day is also observed plastic surgery discursive essay India on the birth of Dhanvantari that is Dhanteras. The Sri Lankan tradition of Ayurveda is similar to the Indian tradition. Practitioners of Ayurveda plastic surgery discursive essay Sri Lanka refer to Sanskrit plastic surgery discursive essay which are common to both countries. However, they do differ in some aspects, particularly in the herbs used.
Inthe Sri Lankan government established a Ministry of Indigenous Medicine to revive and regulate Ayurveda. In total, there are about 20, registered practitioners of Ayurveda in the country. According to the Mahavamsaan ancient chronicle of Sinhalese royalty from the sixth century C.
This is the earliest documented evidence available of institutions dedicated specifically to the care of the sick anywhere in the world. Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine developed during antiquity and the medieval period, and as such is comparable to pre-modern Chinese and European systems of medicine. However, beginning in the s, Ayurveda has been advertised as alternative medicine in the Western world.
Due to different laws and medical regulations in the rest of the world, the unregulated practice and commercialisation of Ayurveda have raised ethical and legal issues. In some instances, Ayurvedic practices or terminology have also been adapted specifically for Western consumption, notably in the case of " Maharishi Ayurveda " in the s. In some cases, this involved active fraud on the part of proponents of Ayurveda in an attempt to falsely represent the system as equal to the standards of modern medical research.
Baba Hari Dass was an early proponent who helped bring Ayurveda to the US in the early s. He taught classes derived from the Suśrutha Saṃhitā and the Charaka Saṃhithaleading to the establishment of the Mount Madonna InstituteCollege of Ayurveda, Ayurveda World, and Ayurvedic pharmacy.
The Ayurvedic practitioner Michael Tierra wrote that "[t]he history of Ayurveda in North America will always owe a debt to the selfless contributions of Baba Hari Dass. In the United States, the practice of Ayurveda is not licensed or regulated by any state. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health says that "Few well-designed clinical trials and systematic research reviews suggest that Ayurvedic approaches are effective", warns against the issue of heavy metal poisoning, and emphasises the use of conventional health providers first.
Although laboratory experiments suggest it is possible that some substances in Ayurveda might be developed into effective treatments, there is no evidence that any are effective in themselves. Ayurvedic medicine is considered pseudoscientific because it confuses reality and metaphysical concepts, and because its premises are not based on science.
A review of the use of Ayurveda for cardiovascular disease concluded that the evidence is not convincing for the use of any Ayurvedic herbal treatment for heart disease or hypertension, but that many herbs used by Ayurvedic practitioners could be appropriate for further research. Research into ayurveda has been characterized as pseudoscience. Both the lack of scientific soundness in the theoretical foundations of ayurveda and the quality of research have been criticized.
In India, research in Ayurveda is undertaken by the Ministry of AYUSHan abbreviation for the Department of Ayurveda, plastic surgery discursive essay, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy, through a national network of research institutes. In Nepal, the National Ayurvedic Training and Research Centre NATRC researches medicinal herbs in the country. In Sri Lanka, the Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine looks after the research in Ayurveda through various national research institutes.
Rasa shastra, the practice of adding metals, minerals or gems to herbal preparations, may include toxic heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic. There is a communication gap between practitioners of modern medicine and Ayurveda. Some traditional Indian herbal medicinal products contain harmful levels of heavy metals, including lead. and Indian suppliers contained lead, mercury or arsenic. Air Force flight surgeon Harriet Hall to say that "Ayurveda is basically superstition mixed with a soupçon of practical health advice.
And it can be dangerous. Heavy metals are thought of as active ingredients by advocates of Indian herbal medicinal products. However, these products have nonetheless caused severe lead poisoning and other toxic effects. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC linked Ayurvedic drugs to lead poisoning, based on cases where toxic materials were found in the blood of pregnant women who had taken Ayurvedic drugs.
Ayurvedic practitioners argue that the toxicity of bhasmas ash products comes from improper manufacturing processes, contaminants, improper use of Ayurvedic medicine, quality of raw materials and that the end products and improper procedures are used by charlatans. In India, the government ruled that Ayurvedic products must be labelled with their metallic content, plastic surgery discursive essay.
Valiathan said that "the absence of post-market surveillance and the paucity of test laboratory facilities [in India] make the quality control of Ayurvedic medicines exceedingly difficult at this time".
Sincethe FDA has placed an import alert on some Ayurvedic products in order to prevent them from entering the United States. According to modern Ayurvedic sources, plastic surgery discursive essay, the origins of Ayurveda have been traced to around 6, BCE [] [] [] when they originated as an oral tradition.
The origins of Ayurveda are also found in Atharvaveda[] which contains hymns and incantations described as magical cures for disease. There are various legendary accounts plastic surgery discursive essay the origin of Ayurveda, e.
is plastic surgery 'feminist'? (spoiler - no, it isn't)
, time: 23:49Ayurveda - Wikipedia
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